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Communist Party of the Philippines

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For the original Communist Party of the Philippines founded in 1930, see Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930.

Communist Party of the Philippines
Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas
ChairmanArmando Liwanag (pseudonym)
FounderJose Maria Sison
Founded26 December 1968 (1968-12-26)
Split fromPartido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930
NewspaperAng Bayan
Armed wingNew People's Army
Youth wingKabataang Makabayan
Popular frontNational Democratic Front
IdeologyCommunism
National democracy
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Political positionFar-left
International affiliationICMLPO (formerly)
Colours  Red
Anthem"Ang Internasyunal"
Party flag
Website
cpp.ph Edit this at Wikidata
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The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP; Filipino: Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas) is a far-left, Marxist–Leninist–Maoist revolutionary organization and communist party in the Philippines, formed by Jose Maria Sison on 26 December 1968.

The CPP has been fighting a guerrilla war against the state since its establishment. Although its ranks initially numbered around 500, the party grew quickly, supposedly due to the declaration and imposition of martial law by former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos during his 21-year rule. By the end of Marcos rule in the country, the number of combatants had expanded to include more than 10,000 fighters. In a speech before the US Congress in 1986, President Corazon Aquino accredited the party's rapid growth as being caused by Marcos' attempts to stifle it with the "means by which it grows" with his establishment of martial law, suggesting that other governments view it as a lesson when dealing with communist insurgencies.[1][relevant?]

In 2019, Sison claimed that the number of its members and supporters is growing, despite claims by the Philippine government that the organization is close to being destroyed.[2] The organization remains an underground operation, with its primary goals being to overthrow the Philippine government through armed revolution and remove U.S. influence over the Philippines. It consists of the National Democratic Front, a coalition of other revolutionary organizations in the Philippines with aligning goals; the Kabataang Makabayan, which serves as its youth wing; and the New People's Army, which serves as its armed wing.

The CPP claims to be the largest Marxist–Leninist–Maoist[3] formation in the world, with the organization claiming to have 150,000 members,[4][non-primary source needed] while other sources claim the membership to have peaked at 25,000 members in the late 1980s [5] with membership dwindling ever since.

It is designated as a terrorist group by the United States Department of State[6][7] together with Sison and its armed wing New People's Army (NPA)[8] in 2002. The European Union[9] renewed its terrorist designation on the organization in 2019,[10] though a 2009 ruling by the EU's second highest court delisted Sison as a "person supporting terrorism" and reversed a decision by member governments to freeze assets.[11] According to the US' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook, the CPP and the NPA aims to destabilize the Philippines' economy and overthrow the national government.[12]

Philippine president and Sison's former student[13][14][15] Rodrigo Duterte declared the group a terrorist organization in 2017,[16][17] though the CPP-NPA has not yet been legally declared as a terrorist group by Philippine courts.[18]

History

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The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was reestablished on 26 December 1968, coinciding with the 75th birthday of Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party.

Amado Guerrero, then a central committee member of Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas or PKP-1930, led the reestablishment of the party. Jose Maria Sison, allegedly the man behind the nom de guerre Amado Guerrero, confirmed its birth at Barangay Dulacac in the tri-boundary of Alaminos, Bani and Mabini in the province of Pangasinan. This is where the CPP's "Congress of Reestablishment" was held on 26 December 1968, at a hut near the house of the Navarettes, the parents-in-law of Arthur Garcia, one of the CPP founders.[19]

Jose Maria Sison is the central figure behind the CPP and its formation. According to Party documents, in the 1960s, a massive leftist unrest called First Quarter Storm occurred in the country to protest against the government policies, graft and corruption and decline of the economy during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. The unrest was also inspired by the Cultural Revolution in China, the Vietnam War and other revolutionary struggles abroad against the United States.[20] One of the leaders of this leftist movement was Jose Maria Sison, a founder of Kabataang Makabayan. He was soon recruited to be a member of Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP-1930). During that time the new PKP members, independently from the incumbent PKP members, were conducting clandestine theoretical and political education on Marxism–Leninism, with special attention dedicated to workers, peasants and youth. This would eventually lead to a significant split between the PKP members. The new members advocated to resume what they regarded as the unfinished armed revolution against foreign and feudal domination, referring to what was claimed to be legacy and de facto continuation of the Philippine–American War of 1899, combat subjectivism and opportunism in the history of the old merger party and fight modern revisionism then being promoted by the Soviet Union.[21] This ideology was the basis for the split from the PKP-1930, the (re)creation of the CPP, and the subsequent "Congress of Reestablishment."

Reestablishment Congress

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Main article: First Great Rectification Movement

Irreconcilable differences occurred between the new party members with the leadership of the PKP under Jose Lava. Sison, was tasked by PKP to conduct a review of the party history of the old merger party.

However, on his report, leaders of the PKP headed by Jesus Lava disagreed with Sison's findings that criticized the major errors of the PKP which caused the almost total destruction of the revolutionary movement in the 1950s. A sharp division and struggle developed between them in ideological and political issues, Sison and his group led the reestablishment of the party after he and his colleagues bolted out from the PKP. Jesus Lava, the General Secretary of the PKP, was labelled a "counterrevolutionary revisionist", and the new leaders also attacked what they called "the gangster clique" of Pedro Taruc-Sumulong in the old people's army of the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB), remnant of the Hukbalahap in Central Luzon.

The Party issued the document of rectification, "Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party," and promulgated the Programme for a People's Democratic Revolution and the new Party Constitution in its Congress of Reestablishment. The two communist parties deviation was clear ideologically when the Lava's PKP was supporting the Communist Party of the Soviet Union whom Sison's group considered revisionist while the latter supported the line of the Chinese Communist Party.[22]

The reestablishment was centered on a comprehensive and thoroughgoing criticism and repudiation of modern revisionism and of the leadership of the Lavas in Manila as well as the Taruc-Sumulong grouping which had usurped authority over remnants of the HMB.[23]

The party congress was attended by 12 members, namely Jose Maria Sison, Monico Atienza, Rey Casipe, Leoncio Co, Manuel Collantes, Arthur Garcia, Herminihildo Garcia, Ruben Guevara, Art Pangilinan, Nilo Tayag, Fernando Tayag at Ibarra Tubianosa. Jose Luneta was counted as the 13th member. He was elected in the Central Committee in absentia, since he was still in China.[24]

Protracted People's war

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Soon after its reestablishment, the Party linked up with the other cadres and commanders of the HMB and engaged them in ideological and political studies, mass work and politico-military training. On 29 March 1969, the New People's Army was established and on 24 April 1973 the National Democratic Front (Philippines).

Afterwards, the CPP launched the "protracted people's war" a strategical line developed by Mao Zedong during the phase of guerrilla warfare of the Chinese Communist Party. The eventual objective is to install a "people's revolutionary government" via a two-stages revolution: National Democratic Revolution followed by a Socialist Revolution.[25]

The reestablishment was considered by the party as the First Great Rectification Movement, criticizing the errors of the old Party.

Despite the arrests of CPP Central Committee members in 1973, 1974, 1976 and 1977, the erstwhile skeletal regional Party organizations gained flesh and muscle from the growth of the armed revolutionary movement and the urban underground.[23]

Second Great Rectification Movement

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Main article: Second Great Rectification Movement

In the 10th plenum of the CPP, the party engaged in a "second rectification movement" that reviewed and corrected the errors that created havoc on the revolutionary movement for more than a decade since its founding in 1968.

Armando Liwanag, chairman of CPP, issued a document called "Reaffirm Our Basic Principles and Carry the Revolution Forward" that repudiated the deviations of leading party cadres in the country that resulted in the gravest setbacks and destruction to the Party and the revolutionary movement, first in one major island and subsequently on a nationwide scale.

The document states that these erroneous policies "have caused setbacks through a process of self-constriction and have inflicted unprecedentedly heavy losses in the strength of the Party and the people's army and gross reductions of mass base".[26][27]

The criticism and debates that ensued between the leading party cadres resulted in the expulsion of advocates of "left and right opportunism", notably forming the so-called "rejectionists" and "reaffirmist" factions.

The rejectionists took the lines of "strategic counteroffensive", "regularization", and combining military adventurism with insurrectionism from 1980 onward that overlapped with the reaffirmists who uphold the "correct" revolutionary method of people's war.

The rectification movement was aimed to defeat the "wrong line" in a comprehensive and thoroughgoing manner and strengthen the party ideologically, politically and organizationally. Thus, the rectification movement came into force in 1992, especially after the Plenum of the Central Committee approved the rectification documents.

Splits and divisions

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Ideology

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The Communist Party of the Philippines, which promotes Marxism–Leninism–Maoism (MLM), is a revolutionary proletarian party that looks upon the legacies of past Philippine rebellions and revolutions from the perspective of the theories of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong. It assists the progress of theory and practice in the world proletarian revolution that is guided by Marxism–Leninism–Maoism (Preamble, Constitution of the Communist Party of the Philippines, 1968).[28]

So long as it resolutely, militantly and thoroughly carries out its ideological, political and organizational building, the Communist Party of the Philippines is certain to lead the broad masses of the Filipino people of various nationalities and ethno-linguistic communities to total victory in the national democratic revolution against US imperialism and the local reactionaries; and bring about the start of the socialist revolution.

— Armando Liwanag, Chairman, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Philippines

Analysis regarding Philippine society

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The CPP adheres to Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its guiding ideology in analyzing and summing up the experience of the party and its creative application to the concrete conditions in the Philippines in fighting US imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism. It considers Maoism as the highest development of Marxism-Leninism.[22]

It considers the Philippine society as semicolonial and semifeudal, the character of the present revolution as national democratic of the new type (led by the proletariat), the motive forces, the targets, the strategy and tactics and the socialist perspective of the Philippine revolution.[29]

The CPP-NPA regards three things as central to waging revolution: armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and the building of mass-bases in the countryside.[30]: 120 

Ideologies regarding armed struggle

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The CPP regards armed struggle as a necessary component of revolution coinciding with the Party's organizational work. The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve its central task of "destroying and dismantling the rule of the enemy and taking their political power". In waging armed revolution, the NPA follows the strategic line of protracted people's war by "encircling the cities from the countryside until conditions are ripe for seizing the cities through a strategic offensive".[31]

The NPA identifies three stages in waging armed struggle: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive.[30]: 120–1  It regards itself as yet unable to conduct symmetric warfare in the urban centers and thus regards the people's war as being in a stage of strategic defensive moving to a stage of strategic stalemate. During the stage of strategic defensive, the NPA "maintains the initiative in tactical offensives against the strategic military advantage of the enemy", making use of guerrilla tactics to attack targets and defend guerrilla zones, while armed partisans perform special roles in the cities.[30]: 121  The second stage is strategic stalemate, where fighting force is more or less equal, while the last stage is that of strategic offensive, where the NPA has developed its strength capable of assaulting military camps and cities.

Five-year plan

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In 2022, the CPP leadership, in its 53rd-anniversary statement, boldly called for an advance in the revolutionary struggle and touted its forces to advance in the people's war for a new democracy. It declared its determination to strive within the next five years to make the great advance from the stage of strategic defense to the strategic stalemate, fulfilling all the requirements and without skipping any necessary phase.

It also predicted that a revolutionary government would not win the revolution by toppling the current Philippine government.[32]

The strategic stalemate means that the revolutionary armed forces shall have achieved parity in the revolutionary war against the armed forces of the reactionary government. The strategic stalemate paves the way for the next stage in the protracted people's war, namely the strategic offensive, which pushes towards the nationwide victory in the struggle for national and social liberation.

— Armando Liwanag, Chairman, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Philippines

Referring to Maoist military doctrine, the CPP-lead NPA adheres to the three progressive phases of protracted warfare—strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive.

According to the CPP's calculations in the statement, they considered the present revolution to be at an advance sub-stage of strategic defensive.

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Anti-Subversion Act of 1957

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At the time of its inception, the Government of the Philippines automatically outlawed the CPP through the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 (Republic Act No. 1700) which had previously branded the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP) and the Hukbalahap as an "organized conspiracy" upon its passage on 20 June 1957.

As splinter groups which had roots to the PKP, the ban extended to the CPP-NPA.[33]

Repeal of the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957

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The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 was repealed by President Fidel Ramos in October 1992, decriminalizing membership in the CPP and NPA.[34][35]

2017 Designation as a terrorist organization

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In December 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte issued a proclamation declaring the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its armed wing, the New People's Army (NPA), as terrorist organizations. The proclamation was made on the basis of the Human Security Act and the Terrorism Financing Prevention and Suppression Act, Republic Act No.10168.[16][17] However, the CPP-NPA has not yet been legally declared as a terrorist group by Philippine courts.[18]

The United States[6] and the European Union[9] have designated the CPP–NPA as "foreign terrorist organizations" in 2002 and 2005, respectively.

Declarations of persona non grata against the CPP-NPA-NDF

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On 11 December 2020, the Department of the Interior and Local Government said that 1,546 or 90.1% of the total 1,715 Local Government Units (LGUs) nationwide have declared the CPP-NPA-NDF persona non grata. Of these 1,546 LGUs, 64 are provinces, 110 are cities, 1,372 are municipalities, with the remaining 169 LGUs in various stages of deliberation in their respective provincial, city, and municipal councils. Some 12,474 barangays nationwide have also declared the CPP-NPA-NDF unwelcome in their territories. Six of the 17 regions in the country have reached a 100 percent declaration of persona non grata to the CPP-NPA-NDF, which are Central Luzon, Central Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, Mimaropa, and Cordillera Administrative Region.[36][37]

The CPP-NPA responded by claiming that the declarations don't represent the will of the Filipino people, and accused the DILG and AFP of threatening the LGUs and local leaders with arrest and not giving their governments the funds they needed.[38][39]

Peace process

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During the Corazon Aquino presidency

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Following the People Power Revolution that ousted Ferdinand Marcos and allowed Corazon Aquino to assume the presidency, the Philippine government granted amnesty to political prisoners, including top CPP figures like Sison and Buscayno. On March 1986, the National Democratic Front of the Philippines announced its willingness to engage the Philippine government in a dialogue for a ceasefire between the AFP and the NPA. Preliminary talks between the Philippine government and the CPP began on August 1986, culminating in a two-month ceasefire agreement signed on November 27, 1986.[40]

Despite preliminary talks, the Philippine government and the NDFP could not agree on the framework of the negotiations, with the NDFP asserting its belligerent status while the Philippine government demanded that the NDFP submit to the Philippine constitution.[41] Negotiations finally broke down following the Mendiola massacre in January 22, 1987, which killed 13 protestors and injuring hundreds, with the NDFP pulling out of peace negotiations.[42]

Attempts to resume peace talks began in 1990 when Representative Jose Yap met with Luis Jalandoni in the Netherlands to resume bilateral talks between the government and the NDFP. The Aquino presidency would however end with no substantive negotiations.[43]

2007 Arroyo amnesty proclamation

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On 5 September 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Amnesty Proclamation 1377 for members of the Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing, the New People's Army (NPA); other communist rebel groups; and their umbrella organization, the National Democratic Front. The amnesty will cover the crime of rebellion and all other crimes "in pursuit of political beliefs," but not including crimes against chastity, rape, torture, kidnapping for ransom, use and trafficking of illegal drugs and other crimes for personal ends and violations of international law or convention and protocols "even if alleged to have been committed in pursuit of political beliefs." The National Committee on Social Integration (NCSI) will issue a Certificate of Amnesty to qualified applicants. Implementing rules and regulations are being drafted and the decree will be submitted to the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives of the Philippines for their concurrence. The proclamation becomes effective only after Congress has concurred.[44]

During the Benigno Aquino III administration

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The peace talks between the two sides have been intermittent and inconclusive since 1986, bogging down in 2012 when the government refused to free political prisoners.

During the Duterte administration

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Peace talks resumed in August 2016, when Duterte released 19 rebel leaders from jail. However, President Duterte scrapped talks in February 2017, when rebels ambushed an army convoy, breaking a unilateral ceasefire that had held for five months. Both sides returned to the negotiating table on April 1, 2017.

In April 2017, peace talks between the National Democratic Front and the Philippine government brokered by Norway took place in the Netherlands, hoping to reach a political settlement in twelve months to end the conflict. This was the second time the two sides agreed on a bilateral truce since November 1986.[45]

In 2019, the Duterte administration unilaterally declared the end of peace talks between the GRP and the NDFP, focusing instead on their counter-insurgency program Oplan Kapanatagan and what it terms as a "whole-of-nation" approach.[46][47]

International relations

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It participates in the Maoist International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations. It heads the broad revolutionary front organization, the National Democratic Front.

The People's Republic of China's (PRC) relations with the CPP have supposedly "been severed since the 1980s," although Chinese underground support systems to the rebellion have surfaced from time to time. The main line of Chinese supporters have officially cut ties with the party since 2000 as the economic use of the party to the Chinese were no longer needed as the party's members have been reduced significantly.[48]

According to Stefan Engel in a 2015 interview, Main Coordinator of International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (ICOR), CPP is willing to join ICOR.[49]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Aquino, Corazon (1986). Corazon Aquino's Speech before the Joint session of the United States Congress  – via Wikisource.
  2. ^ "Joma claims CPP-NDF growing stronger". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  3. ^ the Philippines, Communist Party of (2016). Constitution and Program of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
  4. ^ Sison, Jose Ma. (1 January 2022). "The people will intensify the revolution as crisis of the ruling system will worsen". Archived from the original on 9 January 2022.
  5. ^ JODESZ GAVILAN (20 December 2022). "FAST FACTS: Things to know about the Communist Party of the Philippines". Rippler.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  7. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 – Foreign Terrorist Organizations: Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army". Refworld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  8. ^ "Executive Order 13224 Terrorist Designations Under Amended Executive Order To Modernize Sanctions To Combat Terrorism". U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Counterterrorism. 23 September 2001. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1128". EUR-Lex. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  10. ^ "The Council of the European Union on updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism, and repealing Decision (CFSP) 2019/25". Office Journal of the European Union. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  11. ^ "IHT, EU court overturns decision to freeze assets of exiled Philippine rebel, Palestinian group". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  12. ^ "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Philippines — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  13. ^ Sabillo, Kristine Angeli. "Joma Sison talks about former student Duterte, other candidates". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  14. ^ Mallari, Delfin T. Jr. "Joma Sison wishes 'best of health' for ex-student Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  15. ^ "Joma Sison on his former student Duterte". Josemariasison.org. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  16. ^ a b Ballaran, Jhoanna (5 December 2017). "Duterte declares CPP, NPA as terrorist organizations". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  17. ^ a b "Proclamation No. 374, s. 2017" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  18. ^ a b Pulta, Benjamin (22 September 2022). "Manila court denies 2018 petition to declare CPP-NPA terror group". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Joma Sison recalls birth of CPP in Alaminos". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  20. ^ "The CenSEI Report (Vol. 2, No. 13, April 2–8, 2012)". scribd. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  21. ^ Liwang, Armando (15 January 1992). http://www.bannedthought.net/Philippines/CPP/Rebolusyon/1992/R1992-02en.pdf Archived 2 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Banned Thought. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  22. ^ a b "philippinerevolution.net". ww1.philippinerevolution.net. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  23. ^ a b "BRIEF REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES On the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of its Reestablishment". Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  24. ^ Villanueva, Raymund (29 March 2017). "CPP holds 2nd congress; elects 'younger' Central Committee". Kodao Productions. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  25. ^ "Program for a People's Democratic Revolution (1968)". PRWC Party Documents. 26 December 1968. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007.
  26. ^ "Reaffirm Our Basic Principles and Carry the Revolution Forward". Twenty-Third Anniversary of the Communist Party of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  27. ^ Liwanag, Armando (26 December 1991). "Reaffirm Our Basic Principles and Carry the Revolution Forward" (PDF). Banned Thought. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  28. ^ "Saligang Batas ng Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas" (in Filipino). Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  29. ^ "A stronger revolutionary movement". Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  30. ^ a b c Sison, Jose Maria (2013). "Basic Rules of the New People's Army". Foundation for resuming the Philippine revolution : selected writings, 1968 to 1972. International Network for Philippine Studies. ISBN 978-1-62847-920-1.
  31. ^ Guerrero, Amado (1 December 1974). Specific Characteristics of Our People's War.
  32. ^ http://www.ndfp.net/liberation_intl/zzLI_103103/LI_31mar2010b.pdf[permanent dead link‍]
  33. ^ "Anti-Subversion Act". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Archived from the original on 20 June 1957. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  34. ^ "Ramos legalises Communist Party, frees 48 rebels". New Straits Times. Reuter. 23 September 1992. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  35. ^ "An Act Repealing Republic Act Numbered One Thousand Seven Hundred, as Amended, Otherwise Known as the Anti-Subversion Act". Archived from the original on 22 September 1992. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  36. ^ Arcilla, Gigie (28 January 2021). "CPP-NPA-NDF not welcome in Mandaluyong City, 1,545 LGUs". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  37. ^ Hallare, Katrina (11 December 2020). "CPP-NPA-NDF members declared persona non grata in 1,546 LGUS — DILG". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  38. ^ Valbuena, Marco (11 December 2020). "Reaksyon sa ipinagmamalaki ng DILG na 1,546 LGUs na nagdeklarang persona non grata ang CPP-NPA". Philippine Revolution Web Central. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  39. ^ Manuel, Karlos (22 July 2019). "Duterte, AFP forcing LGUs to declare CPP-NPA 'persona non grata' –NPA-EV". Philippine Revolution Web Central. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  40. ^ Doyo, Ma Ceres P. (23 December 2022). "Flashback: Ceasefire 1986". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  41. ^ Sison, José María (2021). Selected readings from the works of Jose Maria Sison (PDF). Paris: Foreign languages press. ISBN 978-2-491182-54-0. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  42. ^ Bolasco, Maria Karina Africa (30 September 2019). "The GRP-NDFP Peace Talks: Tactical Discontinuities in a Shared Narrative". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  43. ^ Process, Office of Presidential Adviser on the Peace (8 November 2016). "A Brief History of OPAPP and the Peace Process". PeaceGovPH. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  44. ^ "(Update) Arroyo signs amnesty proclamation for communists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  45. ^ Villamor, Felipe (5 April 2017). "Philippines and Communist Rebels Agree to a Temporary Cease-Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  46. ^ Roque, EJ (21 March 2019). "Duterte permanently ends peace talks with Reds". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  47. ^ Ranada, Pia. "Duterte signs proclamation labeling CPP-NPA as terrorist group". Rappler. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  48. ^ Jerry E. Esplanada. "Chinese communist party says it has disowned local rebels". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2014. have been severed since the 1980s.
  49. ^ Stefan Engel Interview mit Komala TV – Thema ICOR Archived 28 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine YouTube video (German; ICOR membership is being mentioned at about 22:50).
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