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Mike Curb

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Michael Curb
Curb in 1972
42nd Lieutenant Governor of California
In office
January 8, 1979 – January 3, 1983
GovernorJerry Brown
Preceded byMervyn Dymally
Succeeded byLeo T. McCarthy
Personal details
Born
Michael Curb

(1944-12-24) December 24, 1944 (age 79)
Savannah, Georgia, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Alma materCalifornia State University, Northridge

Michael Curb (born December 24, 1944)[1] is an American musician, record company executive, motorsports car owner, philanthropist, and former politician. He is the founder and chairman of Curb Records and is the chairman of Word Entertainment.[2] He was inducted into the West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame in 2006.[3] Curb is a member of the Republican Party and served as the 42nd lieutenant governor of California from 1979 to 1983. As of 2024, Curb is the most recent Republican to be elected Lieutenant Governor of California.

Early life and education

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Curb was born in Savannah, Georgia, to Charles McCloud Curb and Stella "Stout" Curb.[1] He grew up in Southern California's San Fernando Valley. He has one sister. After attending Grant High School, he attended San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge).[4][5] His maternal grandmother was of Mexican heritage.[6]

Career

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Music

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In 1963 and at the age of 18, Curb formed Sidewalk Records and helped start the careers of multiple West Coast rock and roll artists.[7] In 1969, his company merged with MGM Records. He became president of both MGM Records and Verve Records,[8] which then formed Curb Records.

Curb scored the music for the short film Skaterdater (1965)[9][10] as well as The Wild Angels (1966),[11] Thunder Alley[12] (1967), Devil's Angels[13] (1967), The Born Losers (1967) (the first of the Billy Jack films),[14] Maryjane[15] (1968), The Wild Racers[16] (1968), The Savage Seven[17] (1968), The Big Bounce[18] (1969), The Sidehackers[19] (1969) and Black Water Gold[20] (1970). Curb has composed or supervised more than 50 film scores and written over 400 songs.[21]

In 1969, he co-wrote a new theme for the TV series American Bandstand; the theme was used until 1974.[22][23][24]

Curb (center) with members of the Mike Curb Congregation and Davy Jones on a television special in 1972.

Curb had a Top 40 pop song in early 1971. Its title was the same as that of his album, Burning Bridges,[25] which was written and composed by Lalo Schifrin and Mike Curb. The song was used as the theme of Brian G. Hutton's film Kelly's Heroes, which starred Clint Eastwood.[26] The song reached No. 1[clarification needed] in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.[27]

Mike Curb's group, The Mike Curb Congregation, had the adult contemporary song "Sweet Gingerbread Man," which was from the film The Magic Garden of Stanley Sweetheart, on music charts in 1970. The group collaborated with the Sherman Brothers on the composition "It's a Small World," which reached the Top Ten Billboard AC in 1973.[28] Also in 1970, they performed "I Was Born In Love With You," the theme song of Wuthering Heights, as the title song for Frank Sinatra's Dirty Dingus Magee. The group was featured on Sammy Davis Jr.'s No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit of 1972, "The Candy Man" (the Aubrey Woods version was featured in the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory). They sang backup on Jud Strunk's 1973 hit "Daisy a Day".[29] The group was featured regularly on Glen Campbell's CBS television show.[30]

In 1969, Curb signed Christian rock pioneer Larry Norman, DeGarmo & Key, 2nd Chapter of Acts, and Debby Boone - artists considered to be the earliest contemporary Christian music artists.[31] Curb wrote and produced music for the Hanna-Barbera animated series Cattanooga Cats. The theme for the cartoon series Hot Wheels is credited to Mike Curb and the Curbstones.[32]

In the 1970s, Curb wrote and produced for Roy Orbison, Marie Osmond and the Osmond Family, Lou Rawls, Sammy Davis Jr. and Solomon Burke. He also signed artists such as the Sylvers, Eric Burdon, War, Richie Havens, the Five Man Electrical Band, Gloria Gaynor, Johnny Bristol, Exile, The Four Seasons and the Dutch singer Heintje Simons and The Mob (Chicago band) to his labels.

Curb ran a short-lived country music subsidiary label for Motown called Hitsville Records.[33] He co-wrote the lyrics for "It Was a Good Time". He received BMI awards for composing "Burning Bridges" for Clint Eastwood's Kelly's Heroes, and for composing "All for the Love of Sunshine".[citation needed]

Curb served as chairman of the Inaugural Youth Concert for President Richard Nixon's second term on January 20, 1973.[34] He enlisted many artists from MGM records as well as others to perform for the historic event. Solomon Burke, The Mob, Jimmy Osmond, Tommy Roe, Ray Stevens, The Sylvers, The Don Costa Orchestra, and Laurie Lea Schaefer were on the stage for the young audience. He served as emcee for the program.[35]

In 2021, Fisk Jubilee Singers won Grammy awards for Celebrating Fisk! (The 150th Anniversary Album) under Best Roots Gospel Album category. The album was produced for Curb Records: Mike Curb and Paul Kwami won a Grammy Award.[36][37][38]

Curb Records marked its 60th anniversary in 2023, with Mike Curb still at the helm. Over the years, Curb Records has been home to Wynonna Judd, Tim McGraw, LeAnn Rimes, Hank Williams Jr., the Judds, Lyle Lovett, Natalie Grant, Ray Stevens, Rodney Atkins, Jo Dee Messina, Sawyer Brown, Lee Brice, Dylan Scott, Hannah Ellis, Harper Grace and For King & Country.[39]

MGM anti-drug controversy

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in 1970, Billboard reported that Curb, as president of MGM Records, fired 18 acts for what Curb believed was their promotion of hard drugs in their songs.[40] Curb said, "Drug groups are the cancer of the industry. Their effect on young people who are their fans or followers is devastating. When they appear smashed out of their minds and describe musically a great experience they had on LSD, they are glorifying hard drugs. I credit hard drug record acts with hundreds and hundreds of new young drug users."[41]

Curb has always disputed that any acts were dropped from MGM only for drug-related reasons. Billboard reported that Curb was alarmed by the drug-related deaths of Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, and Alan Wilson of Canned Heat.[40] Among the musicians incorrectly thought to be included in the purge were The Velvet Underground and Frank Zappa's group The Mothers of Invention. Zappa, however, spoke out against drug use throughout his career and, by early 1969, had fulfilled his MGM/Verve contract and moved to his own Bizarre Records label, distributed by Warner Bros. The Velvet Underground had already left the label by then to sign with Atlantic Records, who released their fourth studio album Loaded.[42] Also, when Eric Burdon, who was an advocate of psychedelics, dared Curb to release him from his contract although he was his biggest selling artist, Curb acquiesced.[43][44] Burdon also launched a campaign—by distributing bumper stickers—called Curb the Clap.[45]

Curb claimed industry support, and the record company official he cited was Bill Gallagher, the president of Paramount Records.[46] Columbia Records president Clive Davis said Curb was "grandstanding", and that his anti-drug stance had made him "a minor hero of the Nixon administration."[47] In 1997, Curb stated the affair had happened at a time when "you were considered a freak if you spoke out against drugs."[44]

Political career

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Signatures from a resolution signed by Curb in his ceremonial role of President of the California State Senate

Encouraged to enter politics in part by Ronald Reagan, Curb was elected Lieutenant Governor of California in 1978, defeating the incumbent Democrat, Mervyn M. Dymally. Democratic candidate Jerry Brown was re-elected governor in the same year. During much 1979–1980, when Brown was out of the state campaigning to become the Democratic presidential candidate, Curb was acting governor, vetoing legislation, issuing executive orders and making appointments. According to the December 28, 1979, edition of the San Francisco Chronicle, "...the California Supreme Court ruled yesterday that when the governor is out of state, the lieutenant governor is free to exercise all powers of the chief executive...".[48]

Curb worked with Harvey Milk on the campaign against the Briggs Initiative, a ballot initiative that would have banned gays and lesbians from working in public schools. He persuaded President Reagan to oppose it, and it was defeated. In 2023, Curb achieved a major victory in his challenge to Tennessee Governor Bill Lee, where the court declared it unconstitutional to force private businesses to post discriminatory LGBT signs.[49] [50]

In 1982, Curb lost the Republican gubernatorial nomination to California Attorney General George Deukmejian. In 1986, Curb ran again for lieutenant governor as the Republican nominee against the incumbent Democrat, Leo T. McCarthy, losing a bitterly contested race, largely run on the issue of punishment for drug trafficking and violent crimes. A vocal opponent of drug use, Curb advocated extension of the death penalty to include drug pushers whose narcotics trafficking resulted in a death.[51] As of 2024, Curb is the last Republican to be elected to Lieutenant Governor of California to date; Abel Maldonado was appointed by then California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to fill a vacancy when the former previous Lieutenant Governor John Garamendi resigned to take a congressional seat. In 1980, Curb was co-chairman of Ronald Reagan's successful presidential campaign. Curb was also chairman of the convention program in Detroit and was later appointed by Reagan to be chairman of the national finance committee.[52]

Involvement in car racing

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A motorsport enthusiast, Curb is a co-owner of the Curb Agajanian Performance Group, a team that has won ten national championships. His sponsorship and ownership have included three of NASCAR's most celebrated drivers. He owned Richard Petty's famed No. 43 car in 1984 and 1985, during which Petty achieved his 199th and 200th career wins. Curb was also a sponsor for Dale Earnhardt during his 1980 Winston Cup championship winning season, and sponsored Darrell Waltrip's No. 12 Toyota Tundra in the Craftsman Truck Series, driven by Joey Miller in 2006. Curb-Agajanian also ran cars for many years in the Indianapolis 500, including for Dan Wheldon and Alexander Rossi, with whom he won the 2011 and 2016 Indianapolis 500s respectively.[52] Curb was the co-owner with Richard Childress of the No. 98 Chevrolet driven by Austin Dillon.[53]

Curb was the only car owner to win in all 10 NASCAR auto racing series in the United States – the NASCAR Cup Series, the Xfinity Series (formerly the Nationwide series and Busch Series), the Craftsman Truck Series (formerly the Gander Outdoors Truck Series and Camping World Truck Series), the Grand-Am Rolex Daytona Prototype National Sports Car Series (now the IMSA SportsCar Championship merged with American Le Mans), the IMSA GT Series (formerly IMSA Camel GT), Continental Series (formerly IMSA GTS), the Late Model All American Series, the Modifieds and the K&N East and West Series.[53]

Rico Abreu's 2014 USAC Midget car

Curb is also a long-time sponsor of ThorSport Racing in the Truck Series, as part-owner of the team's No. 98 Ford driven by Ty Majeski. He maintained a similar partnership with Phil Parsons Racing in the Cup Series, which also ran the No. 98. Parsons drivers Christopher Bell and Rico Abreu won the 2013 and 2014 USAC National Midget tours.[54][55]

Elvis House

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In 2006, Curb purchased a house at 1034 Audubon Drive, Memphis, which was once owned by Elvis Presley.[56] Curb renovated the house and turned it over to the Mike Curb Institute at Rhodes College.[56]

Philanthropy and Honors

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In Nashville, Curb has become a civic leader and benefactor of Belmont University, where his donation toward the construction of a new arena resulted in it being named the Curb Event Center. The university includes the Mike Curb College of Entertainment and Music Business. Curb endowed the Curb Center and the Curb Creative Campus program at Vanderbilt University and the Mike Curb Institute of Music at Rhodes College in Memphis. In 2024, he made the largest ever donation to Belmont, contributing $58 million to expand the Curb College's presence on Music Row.[57]

In 2001, Curb was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame. Curb was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2003 and the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009.[58]

In August 2006,[59] Curb pledged $10 million to California State University, Northridge (CSUN) (in Los Angeles) to endow his alma mater's arts college and provide a lead gift for the university's regional performing arts center. Of the $10 million gift, $5 million supported CSUN's College of Arts, Media, and Communication, one of the university's largest colleges that offers degree and certificate programs for more than 4,400 students. Of the gift, $4 million went into a general endowment for the college, and $1 million endowed a faculty chair specializing in music industry studies. As a result, the college was named in his honor. Studies with in the Mike Curb College of Arts, Media, and Communication include Media, Arts, Music, Business, Journalism, and Communication Studies.

On June 29, 2007, Curb was honored with the 2,341st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[60]

CSU Channel Islands dedicated the Mike Curb Studio in Napa Hall at the Camarillo, California campus on October 21, 2010. The studio is a post-production and film and video production facility.[61][62]

In 2014, Curb was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee[63] and in 2016, he was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame.[64] He was awarded Ray Fox Memorial Award of Living Legends of Auto Racing in Daytona in 2017.[65] In 2018, Racers Reunion featured him in Men Who Changed Racing with Harry Miller and Sam Nunis.[66] Curb was inducted to North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in the same year for his "contributions and support of the Hall of Fame".[67][68] In 2019, Curb received the National Centennial Leadership Award from Junior Achievement.[69]

Discography

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Albums

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Year Album US
1970 Come Together 105
Sweet Gingerbread Man 185
1971 Burning Bridges and Other Motion Picture Themes 117
Put Your Hand in the Hand 205
1972 Softly Whispering I Love You 206
Song for a Young Love --
1973 It's a Small World Unreleased (test pressings exist, MGM SE-4900[70])

Collaboration albums

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Year Album US Country
1971 All for the Love of Sunshine (with Hank Williams, Jr.) 10
1972 Great Balls of Fire

Singles

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Year Single Peak chart positions
US AC US
[71][72] 		CA AU
[73] 		NZ
[74] 		SA
[75]
1970 "Burning Bridges" 16 34 40 12 1 1
1971 "Sweet Gingerbread Man" 16 115 95 — — —
1972 "See You in September" 15 108 — — — —
"Softly Whispering I Love You" — — — — 1 —
1973 "It's a Small Small World" 9 108 — — — —

Guest singles

[edit]
Year Single Peak chart positions Album
US Country US
[76] 		US AC CAN Country CAN CAN AC
1970 "All for the Love of Sunshine" (with Hank Williams Jr.) 1 — — 1 — — All for the Love of Sunshine
"Rainin' in My Heart" (with Hank Williams Jr.) 3 108 — 2 — —
1971 "Ain't That a Shame" (with Hank Williams Jr.) 7 — — 16 — — Hank Williams, Jr.'s Greatest Hits Vol. II
1972 "Living Together, Growing Together" (with Tony Bennett) — 111 — — — — single only
"The Candy Man" (with Sammy Davis Jr.)[77] — 1 1 — — — single only
"The People Tree" (with Sammy Davis Jr.)[77] — 92 16 — — — single only
1973 "Long Haired Lover From Liverpool" (with Jimmy Osmond)[77] — 38 — — — — single only (#1 in UK)
1976 "Sing My Love Song" (with Al Martino) — — 24 — — — single only

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp. 606/7. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.
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  3. ^ "West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame". West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  4. ^ "Mike Curb | CSU". Calstate.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  5. ^ "Mike Curb Profile". Csun.edu. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  6. ^ "Stella Stout Curb Obituary (1920 - 2016) Los Angeles Times". Legacy.com.
  7. ^ "Mike Curb". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  8. ^ "The MGM Records Story". Bsnpubs.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  9. ^ "SKATER DATER". Festival de Cannes. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  10. ^ "Cast of acclaimed 1965 skateboarding film 'Skaterdater' reunite". Daily Breeze. June 28, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  11. ^ "Mike Curb Featuring Davie Allan & The Arrows – The Wild Angels, Volume II (Original Soundtrack)". VINYL PUSSYCAT RECORDS. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  12. ^ "Thunder Alley (1967)". Filmaffinity.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  13. ^ "Film Music Site - Devil's Angels Soundtrack". Filmmusicsite.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  14. ^ "The Born Losers". Mubi.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  15. ^ "Film Music Site - MaryJane Soundtrack". Filmmusicsite.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  16. ^ "THE WILD RACERS". Library of Congress. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  17. ^ "The Savage Seven (1968)". BFI. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  18. ^ "THE BIG BOUNCE (1968)". Library of Congress. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  19. ^ The New Life sings "The Sidehackers": original soundtrack recording. Hollywood, CA: Amaret. 1969. OCLC 34199078. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
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  24. ^ "Benny Mardones Obituary (2020) Quad-City Times". Legacy.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  25. ^ Power, Ed (June 23, 2020). "A heist for the history books: how true was Kelly's Heroes?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
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  28. ^ Label of MGM single "It's A Small Small World", image at 45cat.com; retrieved January 21, 2015.
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  30. ^ "mike curb congregation members". montageafrica.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  31. ^ "Larry (David) Norman", Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, ed. Randall Herbert Balmer (Westminster John Knox Press, 2002):411.
  32. ^ "CATTANOOGA CATS SHOW, THE {IT'S THE WOLF, MOTORMOUSE AND AUTOCAT, AROUND THE WORLD IN 79 DAYS (TV)". Paleycenter.org. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  33. ^ Wells, Gary (October 12, 2019). "Check This Out: Mike Curb". SoulRide. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  34. ^ Hunter, Marjorie (December 22, 1972). "Inaugural Events to Put Accent on Youth". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  35. ^ "Richard Nixon: Remarks at the Annual Dinner of the White House Correspondents Association". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  36. ^ Josh Ewers (March 16, 2021). "Fisk Jubilee Singers relish first Grammy win in storied career". Main Street Nashville. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  37. ^ "The Fisk Jubilee Singers'® Album, Celebrating Fisk! (The 150th Anniversary Album), Wins Grammy Award in Best Roots Gospel Album Category". Fisk University. March 15, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  38. ^ Word, Curb. "The Fisk Jubilee Singers'® Album, Celebrating Fisk! (The 150th Anniversary Album), Wins Grammy Award in Best Roots Gospel Album Category". Curb | Word Entertainment. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  39. ^ "Mike Curb Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  40. ^ a b Elliot Tiegel (November 7, 1970). "MGM Busts 18 Rock Groups". Billboard.
  41. ^ "MGM Drops "Drug Groups"". Music History Calendar. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  42. ^ "Vumyth". Richieunterberger.com. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  43. ^ "FZ Discography". Globalia.net. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  44. ^ a b Beverly Keel (October 2, 1997). "Can Mike Curb Be as Clean as He Looks?". Nashville Scene. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  45. ^ "1970 – Former Animal Eric Burdon launches his new initiative Curb th | Rock History". Thisdayinrock.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  46. ^ Elliot Tiegel (November 21, 1970). "Curb Backs Curbing Stand; Will Not Name Acts Cut". Billboard. Los Angeles.
  47. ^ Davis, Clive; James Willworth (1975). Clive: Inside The Record Business. New York: William Morrow & Company. pp. 114, 273. ISBN 0-688-02872-1.
  48. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. ^ "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT : MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE : NASHVILLE DIVISION - CURB RECORDS, INC. and MIKE CURB FOUNDATION, Plaintiffs, v. WILLIAM LEE" (PDF). Glad.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  50. ^ "Why a Slate of Tennessee Bills Are Discriminatory and Could Hurt the State's Music Community (Guest Column)". Billboard.
  51. ^ Shuitt, Douglas, California Elections: Curb, McCarthy – Vying to Become the Toughest Cop?, Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1986
  52. ^ a b Mike Curb 50 Years, p. 32; ISBN 978-0-9838218-1-6, Grandin Hood, (January 1, 2011)
  53. ^ a b "Mike Curb: Nashville, TN - Songwriter, Producer and Record Company Owner". Mikecurbracing.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  54. ^ "The Name Game: Curb-Agajanian Synonymous with Racing". IMSA. June 18, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  55. ^ "Baker Curb Racing names Biffle in No. 27". us.motorsport.com. January 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  56. ^ a b Moore, Scotty. "1034 Audubon Drive". Scotty Moore official site. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  57. ^ "Nashville's Belmont University to receive $58 million music college gift from Mike Curb". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  58. ^ "2009 Inductees". North Carolina Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  59. ^ Communications, California State University, Northridge, Office of University Web. "California State University, Northridge". Csun.edu. Retrieved November 5, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ "Music Mogul Mike Curb Honored with 2,341st Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  61. ^ "Facilities - Art - CSU Channel Islands". Art.csuci.edu. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  62. ^ "The Fillmore Gazette". Fillmoregazette.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  63. ^ "Mike Curb: Nashville, TN - Songwriter, Producer and Record Company Owner". Mikecurb.com. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  64. ^ "Curb, Mike « Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame". Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  65. ^ "Explore racing history". Living Legends Of Auto Racing. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  66. ^ "About – Radius Nation". Radiusnation.net. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  67. ^ "Mike Curb". North Carolina Music Hall Of Fame. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  68. ^ "StackPath". Ccmmagazine.com. October 24, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  69. ^ York, Junior Achievement of Northeastern New. "Six Honorees to Receive the Junior Achievement National Centennial Leadership Award". Junior Achievement of Northeastern New York. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  70. ^ "MGM Album Discography, Part 11". Bsnpubs.com. May 26, 2003. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  71. ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
  72. ^ Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100, 1959-2004
  73. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 79. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
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  75. ^ "South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts (C)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  76. ^ Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100 1959-2004
  77. ^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Lieutenant Governors of California
1979–1983 		Succeeded by
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