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Harriette Chick

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Dame Harriette Chick
DBE FRSM
Born6 January 1875
London, England
Died9 July 1977 (1977-07-10) (aged 102)
Cambridge, England
Alma materUniversity College London

Dame Harriette Chick DBE (6 January 1875 – 9 July 1977) was a British microbiologist, protein scientist and nutritionist. She is best remembered for demonstrating the roles of sunlight and cod liver oil in preventing rickets.

Biography

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Early life and education

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She was born in London, England as the fifth child of seven daughters and four sons of Samuel Chick and Emma Hooley, a Methodist family.[1] Her father owned property and sold lace. The Chick children were brought up strictly with no frivolities and regular attendance at family prayers. All seven girls attended Notting Hill High School, a girls' school thought to be outstanding for its teaching in the sciences.[2] Subsequently, six of the sisters including Harriette continued to study for university degrees.[2] Another of them, Frances Wood, became a notable statistician.[3] Harriette was enrolled at Bedford College,[4] and then as a science student at University College London in 1894 and then proceeded to obtain her doctorate in bacteriology at the same university.[5]

Death

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She died in Cambridge, England in 1977, aged 102.[6]

Work

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Early research on sewage disposal and mechanisms of disinfection

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During the years 1898–1901 an award from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 enabled her to undertake research with Prof Max von Gruber in the Institute for Hygiene in Vienna and with Prof Rubert Boyce in University College, Liverpool.[6] In 1902 she was appointed as assistant to Dr AC Houston, Chief Bacteriologist to the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal.[7] In 1903 she returned to work with Gruber after his move to Munich in 1902. In 1904 she was awarded a DSc from London University for her work on green algae in polluted waters.[8] In 1905 at the suggestion of Charles Scott Sherrington she applied for the Jenner Memorial Research Studentship at the Lister Institute. Her application raised a number of objections as no woman had been bestowed the fellowship previously.[2] Her relationship with the Lister was long. Employed until 1945 with the institute, she was an honorary staff member thereafter for 25 years.[9]

Harriette Chick in conservatory animal house at Roebuck House

Chick and Lister Institute director Charles James Martin discovered that the process of protein denaturation was distinct from protein coagulation (or flocculation),[10] beginning the modern understanding of protein folding. She is known for having formulated Chick's Law in 1908, giving the relationship between the kill efficiency of organisms and contact time with a disinfectant.[11][12] Chick's Law was later modified by H. E. Watson in 1908 to include the coefficient of specific lethality. The Chick-Watson Equation is still used. A new and, at the time, more realistic test for the effectiveness of disinfectants, the Chick-Martin test, was also devised and named for the two collaborators (see Phenol coefficient).

Experience as early woman scientist

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In 1909 Chick was a cosignatory to a letter to The Times newspaper from a group of women graduates of the University of London calling for them to be allowed to vote for the Member of Parliament returned by their university.[13] In 1913 she was one of the first three women to be admitted to the Biochemical Society following its renaming and change of policy on the admission of women.[14]

Work at the Lister Institute during and immediately after the First World War: transition to nutritional studies

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In 1915, she briefly went to the Lister Institute in Elstree to test and bottle tetanus antitoxin for the army[15] and to develop the first disinfectants aimed at specific microorganisms.[16] She returned to the Chelsea building, however, to prepare agglutinating sera for diagnosis of typhoid and related diseases in troops. Subsequently, however, she commenced studies on rectifying nutritional deficiencies in the wartime diets of both the native population and overseas forces. Initially this involved surveys of the ability of various foodstuffs to counter scurvy and beriberi.[17] In 1919, together with Dr. Elsie Dalyell, she led a team, including Margaret Hume and Hannah Henderson Smith, from the Lister Institute and the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) to study the relation of nutrition to childhood bone disease in post-war Vienna. They discovered the nutritional factor causing rickets, and proved that fat-soluble vitamins present in cod liver oil, or exposure to ultra violet light, could cure and prevent rickets in children.[18][19]

Chick was appointed Head of a new nutrition section at the Lister Institute and continued with her research on rickets and, additionally, pellagra. The department was relocated to the Cambridge house of the Lister director CJ Martin during the Second World War.

Honours and distinctions

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She served as secretary of the League of Nations health section committee on the physiological bases of nutrition from 1934 to 1937. In 1941 she was a founding member of the Nutrition Society, of which she served as president from 1956 to 1959. She was appointed CBE in 1932 and subsequently Dame Commander of the British Empire in 1949.[6] In 1960 she received an honorary fellowship of the Royal Society of Medicine. In 1918 she was elected to the Physiological Society. She served as Secretary of the Accessory Food Factors Committee of the Medical Research Council from 1918–1945.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Morgan, Neil (1990). "Chick, Harriette". In Frederic L. Holmes (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography Supplement II. Vol. 17. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 165–166. ISBN 0-684-19177-6.
  2. ^ a b c Creese, Mary (1998). Ladies in the Laboratory (1 ed.). Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-8108-3287-9.
  3. ^ Wood, Tim (October 2017). "The remarkable life of Frances Wood". Significance. 14 (5): 34–37. doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2017.01074.x.
  4. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2008). Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880-1949. London, UK: Imperial College Press. p. 61.
  5. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth J. (1 May 2008). "Harriette Chick and the Problem of Rickets". The Journal of Nutrition. 138 (5): 827–832. doi:10.1093/jn/138.5.827. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 18424587.
  6. ^ a b c Morgan, Neil (1990). "Chick, Harriette". In Frederic L. Holmes (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography Supplement II. Vol. 17. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 165–166. ISBN 0-684-19177-6.
  7. ^ The Crusade Against Consumption. The Times, 13 January 1902 p6, London, England
  8. ^ Haines, Catharine (2001). "Chick, Harriette". International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 60–61. ISBN 1-57607-090-5.
  9. ^ Who Was Who 1996–2000 (Chick, Dame Harriette). A & C Black, London. 2001. ISBN 0-7136-5439-2.
  10. ^ Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1910). "On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins". Journal of Physiology. 40 (5): 404–430. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001378. PMC 1533708. PMID 16993016.
    Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1911). "On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins; the Action of Hot Water upon Egg-albumen and the Influence of Acid and Salts upon Reaction Velocity". Journal of Physiology. 43 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1911.sp001456. PMC 1512746. PMID 16993081.
    Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1912). "On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins. III. The Influence of Alkali upon Reaction Velocity". Journal of Physiology. 45 (1–2): 61–69. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001535. PMC 1512881. PMID 16993182.
    Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1912). "On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins. IV. The Conditions controlling the Agglutination of Proteins already acted upon by Hot Water". Journal of Physiology. 45 (4): 261–95. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001551. PMC 1512885. PMID 16993156.
  11. ^ Chick's Law Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Thoresen, M. (1994). "Women Physiologists". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 308 (6937): 1173–1174. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6937.1173. PMC 2540130.
  13. ^ L. Garrett Anderson, M. D., B.S., Marian Busk, B. S., Hon. Treasurer., & E. Honor Bone, M. D., B.S Harriette Chick, D.Sc. Jessie W. Scott. M.A. Hon. Secretaries. (16 November 1909). Women Graduates and the Suffrage. The Times, p. 12. London, England.
  14. ^ "Women in the Biochemical Society". Centre for the History of Medicine, University of Warwick. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  15. ^ a b Sinclair, H. M.; Smith, David F. (2020). "Chick, Dame Harriette (1875–1977)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30924.
  16. ^ A history of the UK Bio Products Laboratory (1954-2014), online publication accessed 25 August 2019
  17. ^ "Vitamin Discussion". Retrieved 12 November 2010.[dead link‍]
  18. ^ Dalyell, Tam (28 July 1977). "Westminster Scene: Inquiry on Engineers". New Scientist. 75: 250 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Dalyell and Chicks Research[permanent dead link‍]
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