Rock Island Arsenal

Rock Island Military Prison
Rock Island Military Prison
Part of American Civil War prison camps
	Union prison at Rock Island, during the American Civil War, circa 1863–1865
Type	Union Prison Camp
Site information
Owner	U.S. Government
Controlled by	Union Army
Open to; the public	No
Site history
In use	December 1863-July 1865
Battles/wars	American Civil War
Garrison information
Occupants	Union soldiers, Confederate prisoners of war

	Rock Island Arsenal
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. National Historic Landmark District
	Rock Island Arsenal, Quarters 1 (Building 301)
Location	Rock Island, Illinois
Coordinates	41°31′1″N 90°32′31″W / 41.51694°N 90.54194°W
Built	1832
Architect	General Thomas J. Rodman et al.
Architectural style	Greek Revival, Italianate
NRHP reference No.	69000057
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	September 30, 1969
Designated NHLD	June 7, 1988

Rock Island Arsenal
Rock Island Arsenal
Rock Island Arsenal,; Rock Island Township / Moline Township,; Rock Island County, Illinois
Type	Army post
Site information
Controlled by	U.S. Army
Website	Official Website
Site history
Built	1862
In use	1862–present
Garrison information
Garrison	Joint Munitions Command; Joint Manufacturing and Technology Center; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District; United States Army Sustainment Command; First United States Army

The Rock Island Arsenal comprises 946 acres (383 ha) and is located on Arsenal Island, originally known as Rock Island, on the Mississippi River between the cities of Davenport, Iowa, and Rock Island, Illinois. It is home to the United States Army First Army Headquarters, and the United States Army Center of Excellence for Additive Manufacturing.

Historically the indigenous Sauk Native Americans used Rock Island as their summer camp site. Encroaching European Americans coming into the area disputed the claim of tribal ownership, and competition between the peoples led to the Black Hawk War of 1832. It was named for Black Hawk, the primary leader of the Sauk.

In 1816 the federal government authorized the army to build Fort Armstrong here, to protect shipping on the river in the aftermath of the War of 1812 with Great Britain. Decades after the Civil War, in the 1880s the army established a foundry and armory here, manufacturing both military equipment and ordnance. In 1919–1920 one hundred of the Anglo-American or Liberty Mark VIII tanks were manufactured there, although too late for World War I. The base is now the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States. In 1988 the Arsenal was designated a National Historic Landmark.

At the turn of the 20th century, it manufactured both ordnance and leather accoutrements and field gear, for an army that still relied on horses for transportation and cavalry.

Today it provides manufacturing, logistics, and base support services for the United States Armed Forces. The Arsenal is the only active U.S. Army foundry, and manufactures ordnance and equipment, including artillery, gun mounts, recoil mechanisms, small arms, aircraft weapons sub-systems, grenade launchers, weapons simulators, and a host of associated components. Some of the Arsenal's most successful products include the M198 and M119 towed howitzers, and the gun mount for the M1 Abrams, main battle tank for the Army since the 1980s. About 250 military personnel and 6,000 civilians are employed there. The population from the 2020 census was 182 people.

History

From 1816-1862, the site was known as Fort Armstrong. Before that, successive cultures of Native Americans had occupied it for thousands of years because of its strategic^{[citation needed]} position along the Mississippi River.

The United States took control of the island in 1804 through the Harrison Peace Treaty with the Chief of the Fox and Sac Tribes.^[3] From 1804 to 1812 the US Army did not occupy the island. It was the scene of a small conflict at the outbreak of the War of 1812 with Great Britain. Following that war, in 1814 it was the site of a U.S. Army expedition from St Louis to use the island as a guard post to control traffic on the Mississippi and maintain watch over the local Native Americans.^[3]

Black Hawk wrote in his memoir: "When we arrived we found that the troops had come to build a fort on Rock Island...We did not object, however, to their building their fort on the island, but were very sorry, as this was the best one on the Mississippi, and had long been the resort of our young people during the summer. It was our garden, like the white people have near their big villages, which supplied us with strawberries, blackberries, gooseberries, plums, apples and nuts of different kinds."

During the Civil War, the army converted some facilities and built more in 1863; these were not yet completed in December of that year, when the first Confederate prisoners of war were incarcerated there. The construction was makeshift. The first prisoners were 468 Confederates captured in battles at Chattanooga, Tennessee. That month more than 5,000 Confederates would swell the population of Rock Island military prison. They were kept in 84 barracks, each holding around 100 prisoners.^[4]

A total of 41 Confederate prisoners successfully escaped during the prison's operation, and many more would try but fail. They were deterred by the power of the Mississippi River.^[5]^[6]

A total of 1,964 Confederate prisoners and 125 Union guards are buried in the adjacent military cemetery. The Union guard burials included 49 members of the 108th Regiment of United States Colored Troops, who had served as guards. Most of the men died from disease, since sanitation was primitive, as in all army encampments. In addition, they were exposed to high heat and humidity during the summers and freezing temperatures during winters. In 1864, deadly smallpox epidemics rapidly spread through the prison.

The prison camp operated from December 1863 until July 1865, when the last prisoners were freed. After the war, the prison facility was completely destroyed. During its two years in operation, the prison camp housed a total of more than 12,400 Confederates.^[5]^[6]

Other historical sites in the area include the Confederate Cemetery, the Rock Island National Cemetery, 19th-century stone workshops, officers' quarters along the river, Col. Davenport's House, and the site of the first railroad bridge built across the Mississippi.

Following the war, the federal government retained ownership of Arsenal Island. It developed it for use as an arsenal and ordnance manufacturing center, which led to the island being renamed.

Women's history

During the First World War, demand for war materials drastically increased; this increased the demand for skilled labor, but many men were drafted for the war. Women were hired to fill job vacancies at the arsenal. This is often referred to as the "women draft", as they had to backfill the men leaving to fight in order to keep satisfying the war demands from factory production. Rock Island Arsenal increased from having 175 female employees in 1914 to 300 in 1917, a dramatic change before women’s suffrage was approved.^[7] Women were absolutely critical to the success of the US buildup in World War I, and played an integral role in production at Rock Island Arsenal.

Early historical timeline

1809: Declared a federal military reservation by an Act of Congress^[8]
1816: Fort Armstrong built on the island
1818: George Davenport, U.S. Army sutler established trading post
1832: Served as U.S. Army HQ for Blackhawk War
1833: George Davenport mansion built
1836: Abandoned, but remained ordnance depot
1845: George Davenport killed by Banditti of the Prairie
1856: First railroad built across the Mississippi River
1862: Rock Island Arsenal (the name we know it to be today) established by an Act of Congress
1862: First Commanding Officer of Rock Island Major Charles P. Kingsbury.
1863-1865: Rock Island Prison Barracks built to house Confederate soldiers
1865: Second Commanding Officer of Rock Island Arsenal, Brevet Brigadier General Thomas J. Rodman, also known as the Father of Rock Island Arsenal for his contributions
1867: Clock Tower Building erected; it survives and is used as the offices of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1871: First military quarters built on Rock Island, an Italianate-style villa known as Quarters One. At 20,000 square feet, it is one of the largest government single-family residences in the United States
1872: First Government bridge built across the Mississippi River; replaced the railroad bridge destroyed by a steamboat